Secular Humanism vs. Biblical Christianity: Is Today’s Worldview Moving Toward the Deity of Self original date: 11/17/17
Secular Humanism (SH) has been around as a philosophy since ancient times. SH, in its basic definition, is the religion of self. Each individual is allowed to choose for himself, through his own experiences, what is commonly decent or right. This type of philosophy, removing a transcendent deity, is dangerous. This philosophy is subject to each individual’s perception of ethical moral values. Without the “God” factor, there is nothing to keep any individual from behaving in their depraved human nature against another, besides the judicial system. This report includes a summary of SH, an evaluation of SH, the Christian alternative, and finally Christian worldview apologetic. SH claim to value cognitive and emotional reflection but their measure of goodness is from their subjective personal experiences. Their Humanist Manifesto serves as their document of core beliefs. This document fails to offer answers for proper conduct of behavior, the definition or code of ethics, or any other answers that all individuals strive to answer, such as, “what is my purpose?” The Holy Bible offers those explanations and far more. SH believes in evolution. However, the fossil record refutes any transitional species to repudiate any theory that suggests otherwise. In Christianity, believers find answers to all of life’s questions, a long history, love from their ultimate authority (God), who offers salvation through the death of his son, Jesus Christ, and an afterlife in Heaven. These facts and others, provide an adequate evaluation and conclusion that Christianity is the wiser, more logical choice of worldview. Due to the fact that Secular Humanism fails to afford validation, consistency, coherence, or any explanation of the hereafter, Christianity is the dominant choice of worldview.
Summary of Secular Humanism
Sources of Ultimate Authority
There are several documents that SH uses as their doctrinal documents. Each new document states that the proceeding document vacates the previous. For the United States, they consist of: 1) Humanist Manifesto – 1933. Signed my Unitarians that left their church in search of doctrinal freedom from their Unitarian subjugation. 2) Humanist Manifesto II – 1973. Wrote an alteration of the original document to remove any inference to a transcendent deity. 3) Paul Kurtz also wrote the Humanist Manifesto 2000 for the Council for Secular Humanism. 4) Humanist Manifesto III – Humanism and Its Aspirations: A Successor to the Humanist Manifesto of 1933 (2003). There are other documents for Secular Humanists in other countries.
Epistemology
Epistemology, as the study and nature of knowledge and justified belief, needs to acquire their knowledge by four main sources: perception, memory, consciousness, and reason. The Manifesto III stipulated these beliefs and affirm the following and are taken from the actual Humanist Manifesto III document signed by hundreds of humanists around the country:[1]
I. Knowledge of the world is derived by observation, experimentation, and rational analysis.
II. Humans are an integral part of nature, the result of unguided evolutionary change.
III. Ethical values are derived from human need and interest as tested by experience.
IV. Life’s fulfillment emerges from individual participation in the service of humane ideals.
V. Humans are social by nature and find meaning in relationships.
VI. Working to benefit society maximizes individual happiness.
This knowledge that they derive their intelligence from is naturalistic knowledge, including the Theory of Evolution and Darwinism as their “Bible.” This belief exhibits a subjective knowledge derived from each individual’s perception of reality.
The SH Manifesto III then chose to stipulate that their beliefs may change as humanity changes by including this statement, “Humanism is a progressive philosophy of life that, without supernaturalism, affirms our ability and responsibility to lead ethical lives of personal fulfillment that aspire to the greater good of humanity.”[2] This statement lends humanism to a philosophy rather than a religion without God or any transcendent deity.
Their view of the Creation, Fall and Redemption:
SH believes that the universe was self-existing and not created. They vigorously refute any existence of a transcendent deity in control of all things. SH believe that each person must take responsibility for themselves and their choices. Their Manifesto II stated, “Any account of nature should stand the tests of scientific evidence.”[3] However, their belief in the Theory of Evolution fails to stand the proof of scientific experimentation and evidence. Duane Gish (1985, 11) reported that scientists do not require any proof for the Theory of Evolution, they simply consider it to be fact without proof.[4] However, that does not line up with the law of logic, the Theory of Knowledge, or even their own definition of an account of nature. They ignore the pile of evidence from creationists and atheists alike that agree on creation “ex nihilo” simply because it requires an existential transcendent deity or being. [5] They also believe in the naturalist myth of origins and macro-evolution. Richard Dawkins, a proud atheist, is even more comfortable with claiming that the complexity of species, which began the process of evolution, was “seeded” by extraterrestrial beings of higher intelligence rather than claiming “Intelligent Design” from a supernatural Creator, God.[6]
Ultimate Reality
Humanity and the legal system. Humans are responsible for themselves and the choices that they make. Whether their choices are wise or unwise, informed or ignorant, they must deal with the consequences themselves. The laws of nature are the only absolute law, final and fundamental powers in all reality. They value science and nature above all other doctrines of proof.
Human Being
Human beings can make unwise, regrettable choices and deal with the consequences that occur in response to their choices. They consider themselves their own god. There is no right or wrong, just pain or pleasure. People are allowed to do what they wish. Only unless they hurt another is what they did considered pain. The Manifesto document gives license to depraved human nature. There is nothing in the document to stipulate to any other humanist what ethical values are and how to follow them. Ethics are also relative since being pro-abortion is a better alternative than adopting a pro-life stance or even choosing to give the unwanted child up for adoption.
Salvation
There was a time when Secular Humanism was called Religious Humanism, when a group of Unitarians left the church and formed their own religion. At one time they did believe in sin and the need for salvation but left the church in search of a way that agreed with their philosophy. The Humanist document, and its statements therein, doom the followers to repeat history as in the Book of Judges when the book stated many times, “And again they did evil in the sight of the Lord.” Every time they did evil in his sight, they were conquered by their enemies. The people governed themselves as they saw fit. The only thing that came of their governing themselves was evil in the sight of the Lord. Also, this type of governing leaves people to lead ethical lives according to their own perception of ethics being led by evil for if a person so chooses not to follow God, they choose to follow his opposite, consciously or subconsciously. A person without the Holy Spirit to direct and guide them are left to be swayed by other supernatural sources and leaves them vulnerable.
Source of Morality
SH source of morality is subjective to progress, advancement, and a humans innate ability to change their opinions and beliefs. They declare that their source of morality stem from “Common moral decencies” as shared by all of humanity through millenia of human experience and law. There is nothing stipulated in their documents stating what “common moral decencies” are. Moral decency would keep a life, not take it in abortion. The statements in their manifesto document that include the words, “humane” or “ethical” is contradictory to their stance on pro-abortion. The document does not list or verify what “humane” ideals they are to adhere. They give ethical lisence to abortion, legalization of drugs, and anti-Christian teaching in public schools. Their self-actualization psychology does not offer the individuals with a uniform template to justify or change their behaviors. W. B. Drees (2016, 16) correlates technology with humanistic morality by writing, “I will refl ect on technological culture, on humans in an age of technology, and on the humanities, the academic disciplines that consider human self-expressions in our time. In this context, I will argue that in a humanist orientation technology and morality should be thought together, to serve the human potential for action.”[7]
History and Afterlife
The history of Humanism has its roots in self indulgence down through the ages from ancient China till today. It lay underground during “The Reformation.” It reemerged during “The Enlightenment” and the Renaissance. SH didn’t become a religion until 1933 when the Unitarians formed the Religious Huamnism church. SH benefits from a religious tax exemption although they do not claim or accept the term “religion.” SH believes that once a person is deceased they simply cease to exist. It is possible that individuals in SH have their own beliefs in the afterlife, but as an association they do not believe in any afterlife. That is why the association believe that a person must live their life to the fullest extent possible since they believe in only one life and when its over, its over. Just as Pinn (2015, 353) reported in his essay, “Each moment counts, and each moment must be invested with activity because these few years are all we receive. There are no ‘do-overs’ that will allow us to adjust and act in more significant ways next time or in the next life.”[8]
Evaluation of Secular Humanism
Criteria 1: Does it explain what it ought to explain?
SH does not explain what it ought to explain since their source of ultimate authority leaves much of their doctrinal beliefs subjective to the humans perception of reality and their depraved human nature. There documents simply state with broad strokes their general view not anything specific. They do not explain what moral values are, the ethics that they will adhere to, or what common decency is and how to achieve it. It adheres to a self-existent universe which has no explanation. SH decrees to believe in origin myths and meta-evolution but refuses to give an explanation or scholarly argument for proof of such beliefs.
Anthony Pinn (2015, 347) related Humanism as subject to human creation and stated, “That is to say, religion is a conceptual category, a conceptual container, used to hold particular dimensions of human experience and to categorize them for what they might offer to the human effort to make life meaningful. In a word, religion is a human effort to invest life with meaning.”[9]
Criteria 2: Internal logical consistency?
SH pro-abortion stance distinctly conflicts with their “ethical values” to “participate in humane service.” Abortion is anything but humane. The approval and condoning of homosexual marriage is anything but moral. SH claim to be scientific and yet refuse to acknowledge the proven evidence of creation ex nihilo, the millions of fossils that reject the theory of evolution, and the issue of the amount of time needed for the evolution of complex invertabrates rejects the scientific age of the planet. They claim to value “knowledge of the world” through observation, experimentation, and rational analysis” but reject an unbiased analysis of scientific experimentation and proofs, such as the fossil record.
Criteria 3: Coherence?
SH refuse to adhere to the law of logic, pertaining to any evidence against spontaneous generation or positive mutations from one kind of animal to another. Gish (1985, 88) refuted the evolution theory this way:
Looking at the problem with a broad overview, we would have to say that the evidence is all in favor of the creationist view, since there is not a shred of evidence in the fossil record to link the vertebrates to any supposed ancestor among the invertebrates.[10]
The values written in their manifesto document are subject to the depravity of human nature and the individuals perception of reality. Richard Cimino and Christopher Smith suggest that SH has been in direct competition with Christianity in the United States and SH has used three strategies to become the most popular worldview. “1) Creating a niche for Secular Humanisn among the unchurched and ‘secular seekers’; 2) mimicking and adapting certain aspects of evangelicalism, even as they target this movement as their main antagonist; 3) making use of minority discourse and identity politics.”[11]
Criteria 4: Factual adequacy?
SH does not offer any factual evidence for their claims or beliefs relating to evolution or when life begins (abortion). SH manifesto document is a simple document of one page in length. It declines to include any acceptance of knowledge outside themselves and of the scientific community that adheres to their philosophy. It leaves a person to many questions that they must seek for themselves through research and experimentation.
Criteria 5: Existential viability without philosophical hypocrisy?
SH is a non-theistic worldview and refute existential viability. Since they believe in human, naturalistic knowledge, their philosophy could change if they wish to behave in ways that are hypocritical to their original beliefs. Their document includes a stipulation that stated, “This document is part of an ongoing effort to manifest in clear and positive terms the conceptual boundaries of Humanism, not what we must believe but a consensus of what we do believe.”[12]
“Part of an ongoing effort,” the document is always changing according to the will of the council. There is no evidence of their members adhering to any commonly decent, moral or ethical behavior when they are proudly heretical, openly accepting of homosexuality, legalization of drugs, and abortion. The document has changed three times since the original document was signed in 1933. In 1933, their first document stated that “Religious humanist regard the universe to be self-existent and not created.” How can there be a “religion” that believed in God (at the time) and rejected creation? It is illogical and philosophically hypocritical.
Criteria 6: Intellectual and Cultural Fecundity?
Unfortunately for Christianity, SH has grown and expanded exponentially in the United States. The real reason why SH has grown in the United States is due to the public school system. Since the 1960’s, SH has been fighting legally to remove God or anything to do with religion out of the school system. The school system took prayer out of school, took the ten commandments off the walls of the schools, and will not even allow any teaching of anything of a Christian nature. Instead, it is approved practice to teach the children about the Big Bang Theory, evolution, Pangea, and the evolutionary age of the earth. However, the system refuses to allow a balanced teaching of creation theory, history of Israel and the Jews, and the true history of all religions in the world. If the system allowed the children to have a balanced education, they would be able to decide for themselves what to believe. Intellectually, SH overestimate the philosophical ability, self-awareness, and emotional intelligence of their members. The best way to remedy this situation is to create affordable, or even no-cost, and effective Christian education.
Criteria 7: Radical ad hoc readjustments?
The theory of evolution has changed dramatically from its original version. SH is still working on a plausible explanation to agree with their belief in evolution. As it pertains to their doctrinal beliefs, little has changed since 1933, except the complete rejection of an existential deity. In 1933, they were “religious humanism,” now they are “secular humanism.”
Criteria 8: Simpler explanations are preferable to unnecessarily complex ones.
While SH is working on a plausible explanation for their belief that humans are a result of unguided evolutionary change, they relent to Richard Dawkins’ theory how life got to earth on the backs of crystals.[13] L. Russ Bush (2003, 29) wrote:
To get from a random expansion of simple hydrogen atoms, assuming they could have been spontaneously produced, to the known complexity of modern biological systems by a nondirected, chance-driven process in the several billions of years which are available, according to current scientific estimates, would be a feat nothing short of the miraculous. What modern secular scientists believe is far more incredible than any biblical miracle accepted by the simple Christian believer.[14]
Section 3: The Christian Alternative
Sources of Ultimate Authority
Christianity’s sources of ultimate authority are the Holy Bible, the Holy Spirit, and revelation from God. No matter what version of the Bible the different sects of Christianity read, it is all the holy written word of God. The Word was with God in the beginning, according to John the Apostle. Justin Martyr wrote about the doctrine of the Logos trying to explain to others about the Word of God and how it pertains to the person of Jesus Christ.[15] As L. Russ Bush (2007, 21) wrote about biblical inerrancy, “The Bible is a perfect treasure of divine instruction. It reveals the principles by which God judges us, and therefore the Bible is, and will remain till the end of the world, the true center of Christian union.”[16]
Epistemology
Reformed epistemology argues: People come to a belief in God through a personal experience with Jesus Christ. Secondly, it also argues that belief in God and the Christian worldview may be properly basic. Thirdly, Christianity cannot be taken as a hypothesis that needs to be verified or falsified with evidential proof. However, the Christian Bible offers information that can be proven by hard scientific evidence. Blind faith is unnecessary since there are many scientifically proven events written in the Bible. Believers in God are to submit to the will of the Holy Spirit (who is God) and does not rely on their own depraved human nature (to the best of their ability).
Their view of the Creation, Fall and Redemption:
The creation event is a clearly told, sophisticated story in the Genesis account of creation and retold throughout the Bible. The creation is a true story about how God created everything that has been created. The fall of man, as told in Genesis, accounts for the evil that entered the earth in humans as sin, and the fallen angel of the Lord, Beelzebub, aka Satan. The redemption story involves: The perfect son of God, Jesus Christ. His sinless life as an example of a perfect relationship with God the Father. His death on the cross through the ancient form of torture of a crucifixion. Finally, the atonement of human sin through the resurrection of his body so that all that accept this gift may have a blessed afterlife in Heaven, the residence of the Trinity, (God the Father, God the Son, God the Holy Spirit).
Ultimate Reality
The only ultimate reality in charge of all he created on earth and all the known and unknown universes is God, the Trinity. The Trinity is God in three distinct persons known as God the Father, God the Son Jesus Christ, and God the Holy Spirit. The Bible teaches that there is one God, but that there are three persons considered God. In Galatians 1:1, the author wrote, “Paul, an apostle, (not of men, neither by man, but by Jesus Christ, and God the Father, who raised him from the dead;)” (NIV). God is also the Son. John 20:28 states, “And Thomas asked and said to him, my Lord and my God” (NIV). God is also the Holy Spirit. Acts 5:3-4, “Then Peter said, ‘Ananias, how is it that Satan has so filled your heart that you have lied to the Holy Spirit and have kept for yourself some of the money you received for the land? Didn’t it belong to you before it was sold? And after it was sold, wasn’t the money at your disposal? What made you think of doing such a thing? You have not lied just to human beings but to God” (NIV).
Human Being
The problem of sin has plagued men since the fall in the Garden of Eden, but since has been rectified through the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. Although there is still sin in the world, the sin of the Christian who believes in Jesus Christ the Messiah is forgiven from all past, present and future sins. David A. Noebel (2006, 247) boldly stated in his book, “Christians understand that this erroneous view is responsible for many of the failures we see in contemporary society, such as drug and alcohol abuse, crime, abortion, sexual perversion, disease, and poverty.”[17]
Salvation
Salvation is the shared gift of forgiveness that all who believe in the Messiah and his works will benefit from in this life and especially in a blessed hereafter. What Jesus offers those who believe in his salvation of the cross, is a new creation after the finite death of the body. Christians are offered a new body in the afterlife and a new existence. N. T. Wright (2008, 44) sketches, “This will not be a simple return to the same sort of body as before; nor will it be an abandonment of embodiedness in order to enjoy a disembodied bliss. It will involve transformation, the gift of a new body with different properties.”[18]
Source of Morality
The Christian source of morality is the life of Jesus Christ as chronicled in the Gospel accounts in the New Testament of the Holy Bible. The Holy Bible as a whole also offers many examples of proper morality.
History and Afterlife
Christianity began as a simple love relationship between God and man on the 6th day of creation. After a short time, God selected the Israelites as his holy people, set apart for his glory.
After the birth, life, ministry, death, and resurrection of Jesus, his followers became known as apostles of a religion called, “The Way.” The Way became modern day Christianity, including many sects of the faith. For all those that believe in Jesus and accept his gift of salvation, is promised by God a blessed afterlife in Heaven where God resides. For those that reject God the Son and his gift of salvation, shall live in perpetual condemnation separated and apart from God.
Section 4: Defense of Christianity
Criteria 1 Does it explain what it ought to explain?
Biblical Christianity matches reality and what is known about the world through hard evidential science. The basic tenets of Christianity help a person understand creation, their need for salvation, God’s love, and the responsibility humans have toward themselves, others, and especially God. The Bible also explains the problem of sin and what it has created on the earth. The problem of sin has created evil behavior. The problem of sin also poses the question if God and sin can co-exist. The answer is yes. In Genesis, Adam and Eve had already sinned by disobeying God’s instruction. Yet, God still came to walk with them that afternoon. Sin had already entered the world, and God was there as well. Some unbelievers have asked why why God would allow such evil in the world when he supposedly created us to have happiness. William Lane Craig convincingly retorted, “The chief purpose of life is not happiness, but the knowledge of God.”[19] That is why God sent his son Jesus, his only Son to sacrifice himself as a salvation for all men’s sins, past, present, and future. The Bible teaches Christians what good ethical behavior is and a moral code to live by.
Criteria 2 Internal logical consistency?
Sticking with the basic core beliefs of Christianity, there is a logical consistency and arrangement that help people understand who God is and why they need him. The Bible has remained consistent since the beginning of its composition till today, in terms of scientific evidence its stability. The core beliefs or basic tenets of the Christian faith include: 1) Jesus Christ is the only eay to eternal salvation with God the Father; 2) They are saved by grace through faith, not works; 3) Jesus Christ is the son of God and the Jewish Messiah from the Old Testament; 4) The incarnation of Jesus Christ as God the Son; 5) The resurrection of Jesus Christ’s body from the grave; 6) Jesus Christ ascended into heaven; 7) They believe in the doctrine of the Trinity or the Tri-Unity of God in the three persons of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit; 8) The Holy Bible is the inspired and inerrant word of God; 9) God baptizes his children at the moment they accept the gift of salvation; 10) The doctrine of hell; 11) The second coming of Jesus Christ.
Criteria 3 Coherence?
Christianity has the quality of forming a unified whole, aka the body of believers, even though there are differents sects and levels of belief throughout Christendom. All sects of Christianity believe in the basic core tenets of the faith but have differing opinions pertaining to their theology of the faith. There is coherence in the Holy Bible and in the Christians inability to denounce their belief in Jesus.
Criteria 4 Factual adequacy?
There are adequate facts as known through at least two other outside witnesses confirming facts of the Bible through:
1. Ancient documents and cuneiform found from other nations.
2. Archeological evidence.
3. Renowned astronomer and cosmologist Allan Sandage and his testimony in 1985.[20]
4. Evidence for a young earth.
5. The Grand Canyon
6. The rate of erosion at Niagara Falls.
7. Biblical cosmology and genius level cosmologist corroborate biblical cosmology.
The closer scientists get to the truth of their science, the closer they get to the truth of God. The Bible and revelations from God offer more than adequate facts of the universe and everything that exists. There is unsurmountable evidence for the existence of God and the inerrancy of his words in the Holy Bible.
Criteria 5 Existential viability without philosophical hypocrisy?
There is order throughout the universe. There is stability in the universe and the laws that govern it. When God created the earth, sun, moon, stars, and cosmos, he said that they were good. This fact suggests the stability in all creation. He did create other things after the first six days of creation, however, such as the flood and rainbows. The sophisticated and exquisite complexity of every plant, animal, DNA, and every form of nature down to the subatomic level is explained through the existence of a creator and required intelligent design. The existential viability of the Trinity comes from special revelation. The case for the historicity of the resurrection of Jesus is apparent through the more than 500 eye witnesses recorded in the New Testament of the Bible. Also, before Jesus’ resurrection, the disciples were indigent, fearful, and in hiding. After Jesus appeared to them the transformation was profound. A complete 180° turn was recognizable since they had the boldness and fearlessness to commit themselves to the Great Commission to carry Jesus’ message to the ends of the earth no matter the cost.
Criteria 6 Intellectual and Cultural Fecundity?
As of the most recent decades, Christian popularity is declining in the United States and Europe, but on the incline worldwide. Christianity crosses cultural, language, and lifestyle barriers. In the US, children have only been taught secular humanism throughout preschool to the graduate level of university. This fact has caused a rise in secular humanism in the population. Many, if asked, cannot even define their worldview as one particular worldview but a mesh of multiple faiths and belief systems. These types of belief systems can cause rifts in families and friends. They also leave this generation vulnerable to be swayed by what the Bible calls the anti-Christ. This anti-Christ will be raised up to steer God’s children away from the faith and deceive his people. This begs the question, “Is salvation received only once or will it have to be accepted more than once if the faith is abandoned?” That is a question for another apologetic paper. It is taught in modern Christian churches that salvation is given as a once-in-a-lifetime gift that cannot be taken away. However, faith in God and work of the Son must be declared on a daily basis.
Criteria 7 Radical ad hoc readjustments?
This question is perplexing. The Christian faith itself has undergone many changes since the first century. From Christ to modern day Christianity there has not been any changes as far as the core tenets of the faith or the stories found in the Bible. Noebel (2015, 392) pointed out that a manuscript of Isaiah found in the Qumran Cave I was approximately a thousand years older than the oldest known written word on record, and the words of Isaiah were 95% error free. The other 5% were obvious unintentional typographical errors in spelling or grammar.[21] This information is amazing that the stories were first passed down as stories from the fathers to their sons or told on Jewish holidays and feasts. The Jews were nomads and many of them did not own any written books since the papyrus was very expensive and hard to come by. In that day, only the priests of the Temple had the scrolls available to read aloud during festivals and feasts. Today, the Catholic church has updated their traditions to include those that have felt excluded in the past. Since many had left the church for feeling guilty or ostracized due to the numerous rules the Catholic church expects their parishioners to follow, just as the Pharisees did in Jesus day.
Criteria 8 Simpler explanations are preferable to unnecessarily complex ones.
The basic tenets of the Christian faith and the Bible offer simple explanations for the complexities of life and the universe. The exception would be the explanation of the Trinity that can confuse any new Christian. Simply put, the Christian faith is easy to understand and if the Holy Spirit is allowed full reign of the heart of the Christian, personality transformations are obvious to the unbeliever.
Conclusion
Secular Humanism has done its very best to take control of this country and its children. It is up to Christianity to stop lying back and waiting for something to change. It is time to take America back. The case for SH is lacking in validation, consistency, coherence, or any explanation of the hereafter. Christianity is not lacking in substance, purpose, explanations, stability, a Creator that loves, something worthy to believe in, and the promise of an afterlife to look forward to. Christianity is discernably the dominant choice of worldview.
[1] American Humanist Association, Humanist Manifesto III: Humanism and Its Aspirations (Washington, DC, 2003).
[2] Ibid.
[3] American Humanist Association, Humanist Manifesto II (Washington DC, 1973).
[4] Duane T. Gish, Evolution: The Challenge of the Fossil Record (California: Creation-Life Publishers, 1985), 11.
[5] Douglas Groothuis, Christian Apologetics: A Comprehensive Case for Biblical Faith (Illinois: IVP, 2011).
[6] Ben Stein, Expelled,
[7] William B. Drees, Humanism and Technology: Opportunities and Challenges, Anthony B. Pinn Ed. (Texas: Pelgrave Macmillan, 2016), 16.
[8] Anthony B. Pinn, “The End: Thoughts on Humanism and Death,” Dialogue: A Journal of Theology vol 54, no 4 (Winter, 2015), 353.
[9] Ibid., 347.
[10] Duane Gish, Evolution: The Challenge of the Fossil Record (California: Creation-Life, 1985), 88.
[11] Richard Cimino and Christopher Smith, “Secular Humanism and Atheism Beyond Progressive Secularism,” Sociology of Religion 68, no 4 (Winter, 2007), 407. Accessed October 9, 2017. Proquest.
[12] AHA, Humanist Manifesto III (DC, 2003), Third paragraph.
[13] Ben Stein, Expelled
[14] L. Russ Bush, The Advancement: Keeping the Faith in an Evolutionary Age (Tennessee: B&H, 2003), 29.
[15] Everett Ferguson, Church History Volume One:From Christ to the Pre-Reformation (Michigan: Zondervan, 2013), 74-76.
[16] L. Russ Bush, “Understanding Biblical Inerrancy,” Southwestern Journal of Theology 50, no 1 (Fall, 2007), 21.
[17] David A. Noebel, Undeerstanding the Times: The Collision of Today’s Competing Worldview [Revised 2nd Ed], (Colorado: Summit Press, 2006), 247. Accessed October 10, 2017, http://www.archive.org/details/understandingtimOOinnoeb
[18] N. T. Wright, “Jesus’ Resurrection and Christian Origins,” Stimulus 16, no 1 (February, 2008), 44.
[19] William Lane Craig, The Problem of Evil, Accessed October 24, 2017, www.reasonablefaith.org/writings/popular-writings/existence-nature-of-god/the-problem-of-evil/
[20] Lee Strobel, The Case for a Creator (Michigan: Zondervan, 2004), Chapter 4.
[21] Noebel, Understanding the Times, 392.
Bibliography
American Humanist Association. Humanist Manifesto. 1933. Accessed October 20, 2017. https://americanhumanist.org/what-is-humanism/manifesto1/.
———. Humanist Manifesto III: Humanism and its Aspirations. Washington, DC. AHA Press, 2003. Accessed October 20, 2017. https://americanhumanist.org/what-is-humanism/manifesto3/.
Bush, L. Russ. “Understanding Biblical Inerrancy.” Southwestern Journal of Theology 50, no 1. Fall, 2007. Accessed October 8, 2017. Blackboard education platform.
Cimino, Richard and Smith, Christopher. 2007. “Secular Humanism and Atheism Beyond Progressive Secularism.” Sociology of Religion 68, no. 4 (Winter): 407-424. Accessed October 9, 2017. ProQuest
Craig, William Lane. The Problem of Evil. Accessed October 24, 2017. www.reasonablefaith.org/writings/popular-writings/existence-nature-of-god/the-problem-of-evil/
Gish, Duane T. Evolution: The Challenge of the Fossil Record. El Cajon, CA: Creation-Life Publishers, 1985.
Noebel, David. 2006. Understanding the Times: The Collission of Today’s Competing Worldviews [Revised 2nd Ed]. Manitou Springs, CO: Summit Press. Accessed October 26, 2017. http://www.archive.org/details/understandingtimOOinnoeb.
Pinn, Anthony B. (Ed). 2016. Humanism and Technology: Opportunities and Challenges. Texas: Palgrave Macmillan. Accessed October 9, 2017. Proquest eBrary.
———. 2015. “The End: Thoughts on Humanism and Death.” Dialogue: A Journal of Theology 54, no. 4 (Winter): 347-354. Accessed October 9, 2017. ProQuest.
Strobel, Lee. 2004. The Case for a Creator. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Press. Accessed and downloaded October 26, 2017. https://archive.org/stream/thecaseforacreator#page/n13/mode/2up.
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